The administration refers to social science that allows the study of companies and the technique that is responsible for to plan, direct, organize Y control their resources in order to obtain the greatest benefit, which may be economic or social, everything will depend on what the company wants to achieve by implementing new strategies that involve it to success.
At the time of the Industrial Revolution and in the following years particularly around the time of World War II, many people tried to organize the way to achieve the goals set by the administrators who tried to achieve those objectives, resources and efforts existing.
Advertisements
Despite this, at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, it is when the first theories related to administration were manifested. In 1916, Henry Fayol unveiled the first concepts that gave rise to the management theory.
In this article you will find:
Classification of schools of administrative thought
Advertisements
The following will be mentioned major schools of thought of management:
Empirical school
It refers to the thought that postulates the administrative activities that must be carried out and considered according to the step towards custom or tradition. Its representatives Lawrence Appley, Peter Drucker and Erners Dale made studies that were based on practical experiences where most of the theoretical foundations stood out.
Advertisements
Scientific school
The scientific administration According to Frederick Taylor, it was developed through systematic observation of the research, analysis, and production of operations. This technique specifies the time studies, planning and production control, also the distribution of the equipment, the personnel administration, salary incentives and human engineering, all focused on theory, which has been of great help to managers.
School of the administrative process
This school also known as classical theory, was started by Henry fayol who postulates that the administration is carried out through different stages and principles such as labor division, discipline, unit of direction and command, subordination of the common good, centralization, authority, initiative, remuneration, equity, team spirit, order and stability.
Advertisements
Fayol argued that all this justifies its existence through the achievement of the objectives that were divided into planning, direction, organization and control.
School of human behavior
George Elton and Robert Owen reacted negatively to the results of Taylor's application in scientific selection and focused on human importance and behavior. The influencing factors were the stimulation of the morale of the workers and the recognition by the managerial part.
Advertisements
For them, this procedure is vital to differentiate machine man from engineering, since for them man deserves dignified treatment and fair, in addition to being a necessity that can improve human relations just by applying the behavioral sciences in the administration.
Systematic school
According to Churchman, goals can be achieved through internal and external elements. His contribution in the administrative field is based on the business study as a system where there is a wide interaction between the environment and the environment.
Structuralist school
This school seeks to balance the functions of the company attending to its structure and human resources and focusing on authority and good communication. Within its composition are several elements such as authority, behavior, communication and its structure, which are applied in a balanced way for a good functioning business.
Neoclassical school
Fayol indicates that the change in European economic and social conditions during the nineteenth century, could improve the living conditions, which allows the force in the study of the values and the distribution of the different classes to decrease social.
Because of this, Karl Marx influenced not only the labor movement and the parties of the social revolution, but also a great number of professionals dedicated to the research and teaching of the human sciences that were later transformed into Marxism.
Quality school
Deming's ideals affirm that processes without variables and that the lower the variability, the greater the result of the quality of the products. In each process two variations are generated that are related to an initial objective, these are the common variations and special variations, which allow a distinction that facilitates the achievement of the quality.
Organizational development schools
William Ouchi determines an innovative organizational philosophy that he calls Theory Z, this includes North American companies that have implemented various components of the Japanese model organizational. Within this theory the following characteristics can be found:
- Long-term job acquisition.
- Intensive investment in training in conjunction with socialization and organizational values.
- Decreased differences between roles and people.
- Internal personnel selection program of the company.
- Greater consideration of personnel before making certain changes related to procedures and technology.
- Greater privilege to teamwork.
- Changes are generated within the current profile of the organizational culture.
- The rewards acquire a group profile and not an individual one.
21st century schools
According to the authors Waterman and Peters, they indicate that this century is characterized by global digital advancement. This advance had its beginnings during the 1970s in the third industrial revolution. Despite this, at the beginning of the 19th century, digitization gave a great change that provided the entry of new data storage devices and extensive expansion to telephony mobile.
The management schools They provided valuable technical and human concepts. Today, companies use these models to run their administration, achieve greater benefits with a trained staff that practice good interpersonal relationships, in addition to taking into account the economic and social context and thus avoid the instability of this career labor.
